X-ray crystallographic and genetic engineering studies support a hydride shift mechanism for the action of GI. Immobilization of GI provides an efficient means for its easy recovery and reuse and lowers the cost of its use. Elimination of Co2+ from the fermentation medium is desirable for avoiding health problems arising from human consumption of HFCS. Development of microbial strains capable of utilizing xylan-containing raw materials for growth or screening for constitutive mutants of GI is expected to lead to discontinuation of the use of xylose as an inducer for the production of the enzyme. Intensive research efforts are directed toward improving its suitability for industrial application. The enzyme is widely distributed in prokaryotes. Interconversion of xylose to xylulose by GI serves a nutritional requirement in saprophytic bacteria and has a potential application in the bioconversion of hemicellulose to ethanol. HFCS, an equilibrium mixture of glucose and fructose, is 1.3 times sweeter than sucrose and serves as a sweetener for use by diabetics. The enzyme has the largest market in the food industry because of its application in the production of high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS). 5.3.1.5) catalyzes the reversible isomerization of D-glucose and D-xylose to D-fructose and D-xylulose, respectively. Glucose isomerase (GI) (D-xylose ketol-isomerase EC.
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